Magnesium

Definition of Magnesium:
An essential mineral.  The chief function of magnesium is to activate certain enzymes, especially those related to carbohydrate metabolism.  Another role is to maintain the electrical potential across nerve and muscle membranes.  It is essential for proper heartbeat and nerve transmission.  Magnesium controls many cellular functions.  It is involved in protein formation, DNA production and function and in the storage and release of energy in ATP.  Magnesium is closely related to calcium and phosphorus in body function.  The average adult body contains approximately one ounce of magnesium.  It is the fifth mineral in abundance within the body--behind calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium.  Although about 70 percent of the body's magnesium is contained in the teeth and bones, its most important functions are carried out by the remainder which is present in the cells of the soft tissues and in the fluid surrounding those cells.

Topics Related to Magnesium

Acidosis
The Condition
“...This deprives the body of alkaline minerals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium and leaves us prone to chronic and degenerative diseases...”
Addictions / Addictive Tendencies
The Condition
“...Calcium and Magnesium help nourish the central nervous system and help control tremors by calming the body...”
Alcoholism Recovery Issues
Recommendation Magnesium
“Alcoholics tend to have low magnesium levels, and this mineral can be helpful during withdrawal...”

More topics Related to Magnesium

Alcohol-related Problems
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“People who abuse alcohol are at high risk for magnesium deficiency because alcohol increases urinary excretion of magnesium...”
Alfalfa
As A Treatment
“...Because its deep root system reaches where other plants can not, Alfalfa is a rich source of the minerals calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, iron, potassium, and trace minerals...”
Aluminum Consumption Avoidance
As A Treatment
“...It is believed that when iron, and calcium, and to a lesser degree magnesium, silicon and zinc levels drop, the uptake of aluminium worsens...”
Angina
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium insufficiency-induced coronary artery spasm, more common in men than women, is now recognized as an important cause of myocardial infarction and may be of significance in angina pectoris...”
Recommendation Bromelain
“...A reduction in the incidence of heart attacks after administration of potassium and magnesium orotate along with 120-400mg of bromelain per day has been reported also...”
Anorexia / Starvation Tendency
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“Early symptoms of magnesium deficiency can include fatigue, anorexia, irritability, insomnia, and muscle tremors or twitching...”
Anxiety
The Condition
“...Treatment and Prevention: Nutrients such as calcium and magnesium, B-vitamins, niacinamide, B12 injections (especially if stomach acid production is insufficient), tryptophan with inositol and chromium, valerian root, and GABA can have a calming effect...”
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
Magnesium deficiency causes increased levels of adrenaline, which can lead to a feeling of anxiety...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Because of its nerve and muscle support, magnesium may also be helpful for nervousness and anxiety...”
Arjun
As A Treatment
“...Function; Why it is Recommended: The bark of the tree contains calcium salts, magnesium salts, tannins and glucosides and has stimulant, tonic, antibacterial, antimutagenic, and astringent properties...”
Arrhythmias/Dysrhythmias
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“Myocardial magnesium was measured in 8 young patients (mean age 32) with ventricular tachycardia of less than 30 seconds in duration who underwent endomyocardial biopsy...”
Recommendation Potassium
“...Potassium and magnesium may be valuable in preventing tachyarrhythmias in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome...”
Recommendation Chelation Therapy
“...This may be due to the magnesium content...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“A magnesium deficiency can produce electrical changes in the heart muscle and thus lead to arrhythmia...”
Asthma
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium levels are frequently low in asthmatics...”
Atherosclerosis
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium is helpful in preventing blood vessel calcification (and thereby atherosclerosis)...”
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) “See the link between ADHD and Magnesium...”
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium is often given as part of a treatment for hyperactivity in kids, usually along with vitamin B6...”
Banana
As A Treatment
“...1mg of Magnesium, and trace amounts of Iron and Zinc...”
Beet Leaf
As A Treatment
“...Beet leaves are also an excellent source of magnesium...”
Black Radish
As A Treatment
“...The black radish is very high in sulfur, potassium, iron, and magnesium...”
Body Odor
The Condition
“...Dietary imbalances, resulting in constipation or a deficiency of magnesium or zinc may be other causes of body odor...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Take magnesium supplements or augment your diet with food sources high in this important mineral...”
Recommendation Vitamin B-Complex
“A high-potency B-vitamin (50mg or higher), when combined with magnesium, will help reduce certain secretions that can be a cause of odor...”
Recommendation Zinc
“...Zinc, plus magnesium, will help balance your body's metabolism and reduce the cause of bad odor...”
Boron
Related Topic
“A mineral that may play a role in maintaining strong bones, affecting calcium and magnesium metabolism and proper membrane function...”
Bruxism (Clenching/Grinding Teeth)
The Condition
“...Other treatments include ... Dietary supplements - Taking certain combinations of dietary supplements may alleviate bruxism; pantothenic acid, magnesium, and calcium are mentioned on dietary supplement websites...”
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“According to Ploceniak, prolonged magnesium administration nearly always provides a cure for bruxism...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Until further research is done, the best strategy may involve taking the following on a daily basis: magnesium, calcium and pantothenic acid...” “See the link between Bruxism and Magnesium...”
Recommendation Calcium
“See the link between Bruxism and Magnesium...”
Calcium Requirement
Our Question about Magnesium supplementation
“A high intake of magnesium might impair absorption and use of calcium...”
Carcinoid Cancer “When diarrhea is present, minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and even salt may be deficient and should be replaced as necessary...”
Cardiomyopathy
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“Myocardial magnesium was measured in 8 young patients (mean age 32) with ventricular tachycardia of less than 30 seconds in duration who underwent endomyocardial biopsy...”
Chronic Fatigue / Fibromyalgia Syndrome
The Condition
“...Nutritional Inadequacies: Nutritional deficiencies, especially of the B-complex vitamins, magnesium or iron may be aggravated by malabsorption or increased utilization...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Fatigue is sometimes reduced with magnesium (and potassium) supplementation...”
Chronic Renal Insufficiency
Relationship to Magnesium Toxicity
“High levels of magnesium can develop in patients with kidney failure and in elderly people whose kidney functions are reduced...”
Recommendation against Magnesium
“If you have kidney problems, taking magnesium supplements may make you accumulate the mineral too quickly, which could be toxic...”
Cirrhosis of the Liver
The Condition
“...This disease may also alter the results of the following tests ... Serum magnesium...”
Cluster Headaches
Recommendation Magnesium
“People who suffer from cluster headaches often have low blood levels of magnesium, and preliminary trials show that intravenous magnesium injections may relieve a cluster headache episode...”
Cocaine Addiction
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium has been substituted for cocaine and can result in reduced cocaine intake...”
Constipation
The Condition
“...Treatment and Prevention: Saline oral preparations and enemas, Epsom salts, or magnesium citrate preparations can be safely used if necessary for acute constipation...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“When given orally in sufficient quantities, magnesium citrate or sulfate (Epsom salts) is not fully absorbed but attracts water into the colon and thus acts as an effective laxative...”
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Recommendation Test Magnesium Levels
“There is a possibility that magnesium deficiency contributes to pulmonary complications...”
Coronary Disease / Heart Attack “...Legumes contain low levels of sodium and high levels of potassium, calcium and magnesium - a combination that is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease...”
Creatinine Monohydrate
As A Treatment
“...It can cause muscle cramping, which is easily combated by taking some extra magnesium...”
Dairy Products Avoidance
As A Treatment
“...Milk and dairy products contain only small amounts of magnesium...”
Depression
Recommendation Magnesium
“Because of its nerve and muscle support, magnesium may also be helpful for depression...”
Diabetes Type II
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“...A low intake of magnesium, which is a common deficiency, has been associated with insulin resistance and diabetes in several studies...”
Diarrhea
The Condition
“...It is important to investigate medication use; acute diarrhea is a common side-effect of a "new" medicine or one containing magnesium...”
Eclampsia / Preeclampsia
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium has been used specifically to lower blood pressure in pregnant women with preeclampsia, and as a mild anticonvulsant in cases where the condition progresses to eclampsia...”
Essential Fatty Acids
As A Treatment
“...Omega-6 conversion can be inhibited by bad fats (margarines, shortenings, trans-fatty acids, hard fats, sugar and cholesterol), lack of minerals (magnesium, selenium, zinc), vitamin deficiencies (B3, B6, C, E), viruses, obesity, diabetes, aging, and rare genetic mutations...”
General Mineral Requirement
The Condition
“...For this reason, modern crops are frequently grown in depleted soils; in fact, most American farmland is severely depleted of selenium and often contains only marginal levels of zinc, magnesium, calcium and other minerals...”
Gestational Diabetes Tendency
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“By impairing pancreatic insulin production, magnesium deficiency may increase the tendency towards hyperglycemia in cases of gestational diabetes...”
Gonads
Related Topic
“...Nutritional needs for the gonads vary somewhat, but all require plenty of essential fatty acids, vitamins C, E and B-complex, the minerals calcium, magnesium, selenium, iron and zinc...”
Heartburn / GERD / Acid Reflux
Recommendation Bladderwrack
“An over-the-counter antacid, Gaviscon®, containing magnesium carbonate and sodium alginate (the sodium salt of alginic acid, an active component of bladderwrack), has been shown to effectively relieve the symptoms of heartburn compared to other...”
Heavy Metal Toxicity
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium is thought to reduce lead toxicity and its buildup, possibly through competing for absorption...”
Recommendation Magnesium Malate
Magnesium malate may be one of the few compounds capable of pulling aluminum from the body over time...”
Honey
As A Treatment
“...Function; Why it is Recommended: Honey is composed of sugars such as glucose and fructose, and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium chlorine, sulphur, iron and phosphate...”
Hot Drinks
As A Treatment
“...Vegetable Broth Antioxidant-rich vegetables deposit their nutrients in the broth, leaving health-builders such as potassium, magnesium, calcium and vitamins A, B-6 and C...”
Hypersomnolence
Relationship to Magnesium Toxicity
“The symptoms of magnesium toxicity include central nervous system depression, muscle weakness, fatigue and sleepiness...”
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium has a mild effect on lowering blood pressure and so is used to treat and prevent hypertension and its effects...”
Hyperthyroidism “One doctor reports that taking calcium without magnesium is one of the worst things you can do if you have hyperthyroidism because this increases any magnesium deficiency and increases the heart rate and likelihood of arrhythmia...”
Hypothalamus / Pituitary / Pineal Dysfunction
The Condition
“...Magnesium and potassium are important minerals...”
IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
Recommendation Fennel
“Other herbs and products used with varying success include: fennel, dandelion, skullcap, licorice, peppermint, valerian, slippery elm, cranberry, glutamine, MSM, magnesium, and gamma-oryzanol...”
Insomnia
Recommendation Magnesium
“Because of its nerve and muscle support, magnesium may also be helpful for insomnia...”
Intermittent Claudication
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium may increase blood flow by helping to dilate blood vessels...”
Intestinal Malabsorption Syndrome
The Condition
“...Decreased serum levels of total protein, albumin, y-globulin, iron, folate, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and cholesterol result from impaired intestinal absorption...”
Kelp
As A Treatment
“...Rich in iodine, iron, copper, magnesium and calcium, kelp is also an excellent source of many trace minerals...”
Kidney Disease
Recommendation against Magnesium
“If you have kidney problems, taking magnesium supplements may make you accumulate the mineral too quickly, which could be toxic...”
Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis)
Recommendation Magnesium
“By increasing calcium solubility (especially in the urine) and reducing calcium absorption, magnesium can help prevent kidney stones, especially those composed of calcium oxalate...”
Leg Cramps At Night
The Condition
“...Low levels of certain minerals known as electrolytes - magnesium, potassium, calcium and sodium - have long been linked to leg cramps...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Because of its nerve and muscle support, magnesium may also be helpful for muscle cramps...”
Liver & Gallbladder Cleanse
Related Topic
“...There are various natural ways to perform a flush, one popular recipe using coca cola, olive oil, lemon juice, magnesium citrate and apple juice applied in a specific sequence...”
Liver Detoxification / Support Requirement
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
Magnesium deficiency has been found to be more common in patients with diabetes, liver disease or malabsorption problems...”
Liver/Gall Bladder Flush
As A Treatment
“...A different cathartic such as Citroma (magnesium citrate) can be used, but Epsom salts may be best because it helps relax bile ducts and valves...”
Low Adrenal Function / Adrenal Insufficiency “Key nutrients to aid adrenal function include vitamin C, B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6, zinc, and magnesium...”
Low Back Pain
Recommendation Magnesium
“Some doctors consider the use of magnesium to be beneficial for reducing muscle spasm...”
Low Melatonin Level
The Condition
“...Treatment and Prevention: The following can help boost melatonin levels ... magnesium...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Vitamins B3 and B6, as well as calcium and magnesium support the production of melatonin...”
Recommendation Calcium
“Vitamins B3 and B6, as well as calcium and magnesium support the production of melatonin...” “Vitamins B3 and B6, as well as calcium and magnesium support the production of melatonin...”
Recommendation Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
“Vitamins B3 and B6, as well as calcium and magnesium support the production of melatonin...”
Magnesium
As A Treatment
Magnesium is an important mineral that helps improve stamina, endurance, vitality, and energy levels...”
Magnesium Malate
As A Treatment
Magnesium is an essential mineral needed by every cell of your body to help maintain normal cardiovascular, muscle, nerve, bone, and cellular function...”
Magnesium Requirement
The Condition
Magnesium is a mineral needed by every cell of your body...”
Our Question about Difficulty falling asleep
“Early symptoms of magnesium deficiency can include fatigue, anorexia, irritability, insomnia, and muscle tremors or twitching...”
Relationship to Atherosclerosis
“Experimental studies have demonstrated a correlation between magnesium deficiency and atherosclerosis, but without any clear evidence to determine the mechanisms involved...”
Relationship to Phosphorus Deficiency
Magnesium is required for your body to properly utilize phosphorus...”
Magnesium Toxicity
The Condition
“Dietary magnesium very rarely poses a health risk, but very high doses of magnesium supplements, which may be added to laxatives for example, can promote adverse effects such as diarrhea...”
Our Question about your age
“...This increases the likelihood of magnesium overload in the aged...”
Relationship to Calcium Requirement
“Calcium and magnesium levels need to be maintained in balance since they have an antagonistic relationship...”
Malic Acid
As A Treatment
“...The low oxygen levels require ATP to be made in an anaerobic environment, a set of reactions in which malate (the anion of malic acid) and magnesium are both required...”
Manganese
As A Treatment
“...As a dietary mineral it is less well understood than calcium and magnesium, as far as its absorption and transport dynamics...”
Meyer's Cocktail
As A Treatment
“...Source: It contains magnesium chloride hexahydrate (5cc given), calcium gluconate (2...”
Migraine/Tension Headaches
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“Migraines sufferers often are found to have reduced blood levels of magnesium...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Several researchers have provided substantial links between low magnesium levels and both migraine and tension headaches, based on both theory and clinical observations...”
Mineral Testing
As A Treatment
“...Serum magnesium is an example of a serum blood test that yields less than useful information...”
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Recommendation Magnesium
“Research has shown that 85% of patients with mitral valve prolapse have latent tetany due to chronic magnesium deficiency...”
Multiple Mineral Supplementation
As A Treatment
“...For example, too much zinc can deplete the body of copper, while excessive calcium intake can affect magnesium absorption...”
Multiple Vitamin Need
The Condition
“...settle for less with a marginal nutrient status?Treatment and Prevention: Select populations will benefit from specific supplementation as in the following examples ... A 1989 study found calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese were low in teenage girls...”
Multiple Vitamin Supplement
As A Treatment
“...If you are trying to increase your calcium or magnesium intake, you will probably have to take extra supplements of these nutrients since most multiples contain low amounts...”
Muscle Cramps / Twitching
The Condition
“...Neuromuscular function and muscle control require the minerals magnesium, calcium and potassium...”
Relationship to Dehydration
“Excess sweating or dehydration can deplete minerals in the body - minerals that are important for good muscle function, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus...” “...Along with the toxins created by low-carbohydrate diets, one's kidneys also flush out critical electrolytes such as calcium, magnesium and potassium, which may result in muscle cramps or worse...”
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“Early symptoms of magnesium deficiency can include fatigue, anorexia, irritability, insomnia, and muscle tremors or twitching...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Because of this function and its nerve and muscle support, magnesium may also be helpful for muscle cramps...”
Osmotic Laxative
Related Topic
“...The most commonly used osmotic laxatives include magnesium hydroxide ("Milk of Magnesia"), magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), sodium potassium tartrate, lactulose, glycerol and polyethylene glycol...”
Osteoarthritis
Recommendation Boron
“...6] Boron influences calcium and magnesium metabolism, possibly through the parathyroid gland...”
Osteoporosis - Osteopenia
The Condition
“...Magnesium...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“You can reverse bone loss and regain bone mass with calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin K...”
Overmedication
The Condition
“...Natural Allopathic medicines like magnesium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, iodine, selenium and many other such substances are easily combined and incorporated by the body because human physiology has been doing that for millions of...”
Painful Menstruation (Dysmenorrhea)
Recommendation Magnesium
“Menstrual cramps, irritability, fatigue, depression, and water retention have been lessened with magnesium, usually given along with calcium and often with vitamin B6...”
Pancreas
Related Topic
“...Research indicates that chromium vitamins C, E, B-complex, calcium, magnesium and potassium are especially important...”
Phosphorus
As A Treatment
“...Phosphorus helps filter out waste in the kidneys balance and use other vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D, iodine, magnesium, and zinc...”
Polymyositis
The Condition
“...(such as alcohol, cocaine, steroids and lovistatin), metabolic disorders (where muscle cells are unable to process chemicals normally), hormone disorders (such as abnormal thyroid, calcium, and magnesium conditions), and infectious diseases (such as influenza virus, AIDS, streptococcus and Lyme bacteria, pork tapeworm and schistosomiasis)...”
Poor Bone Health “...Eat other foods high in calcium and magnesium such as seeds and nuts, broccoli, brown rice, avocado, and beans...”
Poor/Slow Wound Healing “...These "recruited" minerals included copper, magnesium, and manganese, all proven to enhance wound repair...”
Potassium Need
Recommendation Magnesium
“Potassium levels depend upon adequate magnesium...”
Pregnancy-Related Issues
The Condition
“...Magnesium - Nausea, Cramps, Edema And More...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Low magnesium levels are common among women suffering from severe nausea and vomiting, says Miriam Erick, M...”
Recommendation Selenium
“A small study of infertile women and women with a history of miscarriage suggests that low levels of magnesium may impair reproductive function, and may contribute to miscarriage...” “...Cleft Palate Craniofacial J 1997;34(2):95-100] Like magnesium, vitamin B6, together with vitamin B1, may also ease pregnancy-related leg cramps...”
Premenstrual Syndrome
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
Magnesium deficiency is strongly implicated as a causative factor in PMS...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“Menstrual cramps, irritability, fatigue, depression and water retention have been lessened by taking supplemental magnesium, usually given along with calcium and often with vitamin B6...”
Premenstrual Syndrome PMS C (Craving)
The Condition
“...Sodium chloride enhances insulin response to glucose ingestion, and decreased pancreatic magnesium levels result in increased secretion of insulin in response to glucose...”
Recommendation Magnesium
“In initial research, the supplementation of magnesium has resulted in the satisfying of chocolate cravings...”
Premenstrual Syndrome PMS D (Depression)
Recommendation Magnesium
“...A chronic magnesium deficiency may be a contributing factor as it results in increased lead absorption and retention, while decreasing resistance to stress...”
Premenstrual Syndrome PMS H (Headache)
Recommendation Magnesium
“A deficiency in magnesium causes hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, elevated aldosterone levels, and increased extracellular fluid volume...”
Propolis
As A Treatment
“...It also contains minerals and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, silica, potassium, phosphorous, manganese, cobalt and copper...”
Rapid Intestinal Transit
Our Question about Magnesium-based antacid use
“Antacids containing magnesium can reduce the time that food stays in the intestines...”
Restless Leg Syndrome
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“See the treatment link between RLS and magnesium...”
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium deficiency, which is known to increase neuromuscular excitability, can also cause this syndrome...”
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Recommendation Boron
“...It does influence calcium and magnesium metabolism, and this is possibly through the parathyroid gland...”
Seizure Disorder
Recommendation Magnesium
“Through its nerve- and muscle-relaxing effect, magnesium may be helpful in reducing epileptic seizures caused by nerve excitability...”
Stevia
As A Treatment
“...Stevia also contains protein, fibers, carbohydrates, phosphorus, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, rutin (flavonoid), zinc, vitamin C and vitamin A...”
Stress “Stress may increase magnesium excretion and the resulting temporary magnesium depletion may make the heart more sensitive to electrical abnormalities and vascular spasm that could lead to cardiac ischemia...”
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“Stress may increase magnesium excretion...”
Susceptibility To Cavities “See the link between Cavities and Magnesium...”
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium is helpful in preventing some problems of the teeth, including cavities...”
Susceptibility To Hangovers
The Condition
“Alcohol is a diuretic (causing loss of fluid), which results in a loss of essential salts such as potassium and magnesium...”
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“It is possible that some of the hangover symptoms related to alcohol are in part due to magnesium depletion...”
Susceptibility To Miscarriages
Recommendation Magnesium
“A small study of infertile women and women with a history of miscarriage suggests that low levels of magnesium may impair reproductive function, and may contribute to miscarriage...”
Syndrome X / Metabolic Syndrome
The Condition
“...Vitamin C and vitamin E can also be helpful, as can the minerals chromium, magnesium, and zinc...”
Recommendation Magnesium
Magnesium has been shown to improve glucose handling...”
Test Magnesium Levels
As A Treatment
“Since magnesium is mainly an intracellular ion, measurement of serum total magnesium is an inaccurate index of intracellular or total magnesium stores...”
Tinnitus
Recommendation Magnesium
“...Each recruit received daily either 167mg of magnesium aspartate or a placebo...”
Tremors
Relationship to Magnesium Requirement
“Early symptoms of magnesium deficiency can include fatigue, anorexia, irritability, insomnia, and muscle tremors or twitching...”
Tryptophan / 5HTP
As A Treatment
“...Tryptophan is often given with vitamin B6 and magnesium in between meals with a small amount of carbohydrate to facilitate uptake by the brain...”
Tryptophan Need
The Condition
“...Combined with a shortage of magnesium, this deficiency may be a contributing factor to heart artery spasms...”
Vaginal Depletion Pack
As A Treatment
“...Source: The Vaginal Depletion Pack or suppository usually consists of ... Magnesium sulfate...”
Vinegar
As A Treatment
“...Cider vinegar contains many other nutrients, such as beta-carotene, magnesium, calcium, riboflavin and thiamin; vitamins B6, C and E; and fruit acids and pectin...”
Vitamin E Requirement “Ileal resection can lead to malabsorption of both divalent cations (such as calcium and magnesium) and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and vitamin K...”
Zeolites
As A Treatment
“...This is manifested by trapping of mercury, uranium, arsenic, and cadmium before lighter minerals are captured (magnesium, calcium, lead)...”